国際人道法(こくさいじんどうほう、英語: international humanitarian law, 略称: IHL; フランス語: droit international humanitaire, 略称: DIH)は、第二次世界大戦後につくられた概念で、1971年の「武力紛争に適用される国際人道法の再確認と発展のための政府派遣専門家会議」で初めて使われた国際的な法規の集合である。
戦時国際法におけるユス・イン・ベロ(jus in bello)「戦闘中における害的手段の規制」と同様の概念となる。[1]
しかし、現在の実定国際法では、ハーグ法とジュネーブ法がいずれも人間の尊重を主目的としていることに注目し、交戦国・交戦員の軍事作戦の行動の際の権利と義務を定め、国際武力紛争において敵を害する方法と手段を制約する「ハーグ法」(Hague Law; le droit de La Haye)と、戦争犠牲者を保護し、戦闘不能になった要員や敵対行為に参加していない個人の保護を目的とした「ジュネーブ法」(Geneva Law; le droit de Geneve)を併せて、国際人道法と呼ぶ(1996年「核兵器の威嚇または使用の合法性」国際司法裁判所勧告的意見、I.C.J.Reports 1996 (I), p.256, para.75)とされる。
そして、この条項がいかなる時も、ある国際人道法規則が十分に厳格で明確ではない場合には人道の諸原則に言及することを要請すると認め、そして、それゆえ、軍事目標物に対する「繰り返しの攻撃」は、たとえジュネーブ諸条約第一追加議定書57、58条において争いのある不明瞭な領域に属するとしても、そのような行為が「累積的効果」により文民の生命及び財産を害したときには、国際法に一致しない場合があると示した(IT-95-16-T, 14 January 2000, paras.524-526)。
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Anglo-Soviet Relations, 1917–1921 (3 vol 1972), highly detailed. Густерин П. В. Советско-британские отношения между мировыми войнами. — Саарбрюккен: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing. 2014. ISBN 978-3-659-55735-4. 一次資料 Stalin’s Correspondence with Churchill, Attlee, Roosevelt And Truman 1941-45 (1958) online Dixon, Simon (1998). Britain and Russia in the Age of Peter the Great: Historical Documents. London: School of Slavonic and East European Studies. ISBN 9780903425612 Maisky, Ivan. The Maisky Diaries: The Wartime Revelations of Stalin’s Ambassador in London edited by Gabriel Gorodetsky, (Yale UP, 2016); highly revealing commentary 1932-43; abridged from 3 volume Yale edition; online review Watt, D.C. (ed.) British Documents on Foreign Affairs, Part II, Series A: The Soviet Union, 1917–1939 vol. XV (University Publications of America, 1986). Wiener, Joel H. ed. Great Britain: Foreign Policy and the Span of Empire, 1689–1971: A Documentary History (4 vol 1972) 外部リンク
ウィキメディア・コモンズには、英露関係に関連するメディアがあります。 Timeline of recent Anglo-Russian relations (1985–2007) at BBC News Anglo-Russian relations: The big freeze at The Economist Bilateral agreements between Russia and the United Kingdom 表話編歴 ロシアの旗 ロシアの国際関係 表話編歴 イギリスの旗 イギリスの国際関係 カテゴリ: 英露関係ロシアの二国間関係イギリスの二国間関係 最終更新 2024年9月27日 (金) 20:27 (日時は個人設定で未設定ならばUTC)。 テキストはクリエイティブ・コモンズ 表示-継承ライセンスのもとで利用できます。追加の条件が適用される場合があります。詳細については利用規約を参照してください。』
冷戦終結後、1994年に始まったNATO諸国と旧ソ連構成国との信頼醸成を目的とした「平和のためのパートナーシップ(PfP)」や、ロシアとの包摂的な協力関係の構築を目的として1997年に設立した欧州・大西洋パートナーシップ理事会(EAPC)のように、多様な取り組みでNATOと旧ソ連構成国との間の協力関係を発展させてきた。すなわち、NATO東方拡大がロシアにとっての脅威とならないように、ロシアもまたそのような制度的な枠組みの内側に包摂されるよう、一定の発言権を得て、「一体となり自由なヨーロッパ(Europe Whole and Free)」の形成が目指されてきたのだ。
[1] この重要性については、例えば、Steven Pifer, “Why care about Ukraine and the Budapest Memorandum”, December 5, 2019, Brookings Institution, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2019/12/05/why-care-about-ukraine-and-the-budapest-memorandum/ . より詳細な文献として、Steven Pifer, “The Trilateral Process: The United States, Ukraine, Russia and Nuclear Weapons”, Brookings Institution, Arms Control Series Paper 6, May 2011, Washington, D.C.および、Steven Pifer, The Eagle and the Trident: U.S.-Ukraine Relations in Turbulent Times (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution Press, 2017)参照。 [2] Ibid. [3] Strobe Talbott, The Russian Hand: A Memoir of Presidential Diplomacy (New York: Random House, 2003) p.110. [4] David S. Yost, “The Budapest Memorandum and Russia’s Intervention in Ukraine”, International Affairs, Vol.91, No.3 (2022) p.505. [5] Pifer, “Why care about Ukraine and the Budapest Memorandum”. [6] 新井弘一「ウクライナの核問題」今井隆吉・田久保忠衛・平松茂雄編『ポスト冷戦と核』(勁草書房、1995年)111頁。 [7] 同上。 [8] 同上。 [9] David Cameron, For the Record (London: William Collins, 2015) p.520. [10] Ibid., p.522. [11] Ibid., p.523. [12] Prime Minister’s Office, PM call with President Putin: February 2014, 28 February 2014. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/pm-call-with-president-putin-february-2014 [13] Anthony Seldon and Peter Snowdon, Cameron at 10: The Verdict (London: William Collins, 2016) p.367. [14] Ibid., p.368. [15] Ibid., p.,369. [16] Ibid., p.370. [17] Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Joint statement by Foreign Ministers of UK, US and Ukraine on Budapest Memorandum, 5 March 2014. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/joint-statement-by-foreign-ministers-of-uk-us-and-ukraine-on-budapest-memorandum [18] 合六強「長期化するウクライナ危機と米欧の対応」『国際安全保障』第48巻、第3号(2020年)40頁。 [19] 同、40-41頁。 [20] Pifer, The Eagle and the Trident, p.324. [21] 合六「長期化するウクライナ危機と米欧の対応」41-42頁。 [22] John Kampfner, “UK’s strong Ukraine support hides a less glorious past”, 11 May 2022, Chatham House, https://www.chathamhouse.org/2022/05/uks-strong-ukraine-support-hides-less-glorious-past . [23] Ibid. [24] Prime Minister’s Office, Prime Minister’s address to the nation on the Russian invasion of Ukraine: 24 February 2022. https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/prime-ministers-address-to-the-nation-on-the-russian-invasion-of-ukraine-24-february-2022 [25] ボリス・ジョンソン『チャーチル・ファクター ―たった一人で歴史と世界を変える力』石塚雅彦訳(プレジデント社、2016年)。 [26] Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Russia’s assault on Ukraine: Foreign Secretary’s statement, 24 February 2022. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/foreign-secretary-statement-on-ukraine-situation-24-february-2022 [27] Kampfner, “UK’s strong Ukraine support hides a less glorious past”.』