ローマ帝国のシンボルである「雌狼に育てられるロームルスとレムス」は、ムッソリーニの「第三のローマ」に至っても利用された[1]。 第三のローマ(だいさんのローマ、ラテン語: Tertia Roma, ギリシア語: Τρίτη Ρώμη, ロシア語: Третий Рим)とは、「第一のローマ(古代ローマ)」、「第二のローマ(新しいローマ、コンスタンティノープル(ビザンティウム)。ひいてはビザンツ帝国)」の継承者を称したいくつかの国、もしくは教皇領や神聖ローマ帝国のように西ローマ帝国の継承者(ローマを首都とした3代目の国家)を称したいくつかの国を指す名称[2]。
1393年にオスマン帝国により第二ブルガリア帝国の首都タルノヴォが陥落すると、一部のブルガリア人聖職者はロシアに逃れた。後述する通りタルノヴォは既に第三のローマと称されており、このときにローマの継承者という思想がもたらされた。トヴェリ大公ボリス・アレクサンドロヴィチの時代、僧フォマの1453年の著作”The Eulogy of the Pious Grand Prince Boris Alexandrovich” でトヴェリが第三のローマだと主張された[3][4]。
ブルガリア帝国の主張 913年、第一次ブルガリア帝国のシメオン1世は、コンスタンティノープル郊外でコンスタンディヌーポリ総主教によって皇帝(ツァーリ)として戴冠した。彼が最終的に名乗った称号は「ブルガリア人とローマ人の皇帝にして専制君主」(Tsar i samodarzhets na vsichki balgari i gartsi)というものだった。これはギリシア人の統治者としての地位とローマ帝国の皇帝位の伝統を踏襲した正統性を主張するものだったが、ビザンツ帝国から承認されることは無かった。
セルビア帝国の国旗 1345年、セルビア王ステファン・ウロシュ4世ドゥシャンは自らをツァーリと称し、1346年に新たに創設したセルビア総主教やブルガリア総主教の元、復活祭の日にスコピエで戴冠した。彼の帝号はブルガリア帝国をはじめ、ビザンツ帝国を除く周辺諸国に承認された。正式な称号は「セルビア人とギリシア人の皇帝」(現代セルビア語: цар Срба и Грка)で、これを用いたのはステファン・ウロシュ4世とその息子ステファン・ウロシュ5世(1371年没)のみである。ステファン・ウロシュ4世の異母弟でテッサリアの君主だったシメオン・ウロシュ・パレオロゴスとその息子ヨヴァン・ウロシュは、1373年までセルビア皇帝の称号を主張していた。帝号に含まれる「ギリシア人」の文言は、ギリシア人への支配権の主張と共にローマ帝国の伝統の継承を表している。
脚注 ^ Koon, Tracy H. (1985). Believe, Obey, Fight: Political Socialization of Youth in Fascist Italy, 1922-1943. UNC Press Books. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-8078-1652-3 Extract of page 20 ^ https://www.rbth.com/arts/history/2017/03/30/why-do-russians-call-moscow-the-third-rome_730921 ^ Robert Auty, Dimitri Obolensky (Ed.), An Introduction to Russian Language and Literature, p. 94, Cambridge University Press 1997, ISBN 0-521-20894-7 ^ Alar Laats, The concept of the Third Rome and its political implications[リンク切れ], p. 102 ^ Parry, Ken; Melling, David, eds (1999). The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. p. 490. ISBN 0-631-23203-6 ^ Nicol, Donald MacGillivray, Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453, Cambridge University Press, Second Edition, 1993, p. 72 ^ Mashkov, A.D. Moscow is the Third Rome (МОСКВА – ТРЕТІЙ РИМ). Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia. ^ Filofey ^ Derek Beales: Joseph II, Band 1, Cambridge 1987, p. 431–438. ^ İlber Ortaylı, “Büyük Constantin ve İstanbul”, Milliyet, 28 May 2011. ^ Dimitri Kitsikis, Türk-Yunan İmparatorluğu. Arabölge gerçeği ışığında Osmanlı Tarihine bakış – İstanbul, İletişim Yayınları, 1996. ^ Norwich, John Julius (1995). Byzantium:The Decline and Fall. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 81–82. ISBN 0-679-41650-1 ^ Bunson, Matthew. “How the 800 Martyrs of Otranto Saved Rome”. Catholic Answers. 11 December 2017時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。30 May 2014閲覧。 ^ History of Greece Encyclopædia Britannica Online ^ D. Bolukbasi and D. Bölükbaşı, Turkey And Greece: The Aegean Disputes, Routledge Cavendish 2004 ^ Peter Moraw, Heiliges Reich, in: Lexikon des Mittelalters, Munich & Zurich: Artemis 1977–1999, vol. 4, columns 2025–2028. ^ Craig M. White. The Great German Nation: Origins and Destiny. AuthorHouse, 2007. P. 139. ^ Warwick Ball. Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire. London, England, UK: Routledge, 2000. P. 449. ^ Craig M. White. The Great German Nation: Origins and Destiny. AuthorHouse, 2007. P. 169. ^ Rome Seminar Archived 4 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine. ^ Christopher Duggan. The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796. New York, New York, USA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2008. P. 304. ^ Silvana Patriarca, Lucy Riall. The Risorgimento Revisited: Nationalism and Culture in Nineteenth-Century Italy. P. 248. ^ Martin Clark, Mussolini: Profiles in Power (London: Pearson Longman, 2005), 136. ^ Discorso pronunciato in Campidoglio per l’insediamento del primo Governatore di Roma il 31 dicembre 1925, Internet Archive copy of a page with a Mussolini speech. 参考文献 Chambers, Whittaker (1964). Cold Friday. New York: Random House Dmytryshyn, Basil (transl). 1991. Medieval Russia: A Source Book, 850–1700. 259–261. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Fort Worth, Texas. Poe, Marshall. “Moscow, the Third Rome: the Origins and Transformations of a ‘Pivotal Moment’.” Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas (2001) (In Russian: “Izobretenie kontseptsii “Moskva—Tretii Rim”. Ab Imperio. Teoriia i istoriia natsional’nostei i natsionalizma v postsovetskom prostranstve 1: 2 (2000), 61–86.) Martin, Janet. 1995. Medieval Russia: 980-1584. 293. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK. Stremooukhoff, Dimitri (January 1953). “Moscow The Third Rome: Sources of the Doctrine”. Speculum. 84–101. 関連項目 ノウァ・ローマ ロシア帝国 帝権移譲論 イタリアの国歌 レジオンドヌール勲章 小中華思想 外部リンク 『第三ローマ論』 – コトバンク 典拠管理データベース: 国立図書館 ウィキデータを編集 ドイツ カテゴリ: ドイツのナショナリズムローマの歴史イタリア統一運動ロシア帝国の政治イヴァン3世 最終更新 2024年9月9日 (月) 12:56 (日時は個人設定で未設定ならばUTC)。 テキストはクリエイティブ・コモンズ 表示-継承ライセンスのもとで利用できます。追加の条件が適用される場合があります。詳細については利用規約を参照してください。』
国際人道法(こくさいじんどうほう、英語: international humanitarian law, 略称: IHL; フランス語: droit international humanitaire, 略称: DIH)は、第二次世界大戦後につくられた概念で、1971年の「武力紛争に適用される国際人道法の再確認と発展のための政府派遣専門家会議」で初めて使われた国際的な法規の集合である。
戦時国際法におけるユス・イン・ベロ(jus in bello)「戦闘中における害的手段の規制」と同様の概念となる。[1]
しかし、現在の実定国際法では、ハーグ法とジュネーブ法がいずれも人間の尊重を主目的としていることに注目し、交戦国・交戦員の軍事作戦の行動の際の権利と義務を定め、国際武力紛争において敵を害する方法と手段を制約する「ハーグ法」(Hague Law; le droit de La Haye)と、戦争犠牲者を保護し、戦闘不能になった要員や敵対行為に参加していない個人の保護を目的とした「ジュネーブ法」(Geneva Law; le droit de Geneve)を併せて、国際人道法と呼ぶ(1996年「核兵器の威嚇または使用の合法性」国際司法裁判所勧告的意見、I.C.J.Reports 1996 (I), p.256, para.75)とされる。
そして、この条項がいかなる時も、ある国際人道法規則が十分に厳格で明確ではない場合には人道の諸原則に言及することを要請すると認め、そして、それゆえ、軍事目標物に対する「繰り返しの攻撃」は、たとえジュネーブ諸条約第一追加議定書57、58条において争いのある不明瞭な領域に属するとしても、そのような行為が「累積的効果」により文民の生命及び財産を害したときには、国際法に一致しない場合があると示した(IT-95-16-T, 14 January 2000, paras.524-526)。
ARAI-TAKAHASHI(Yutaka), The Law of Occupation. Continuity and Change of International Humanitarian Law, and its Interaction with International Human Rights Law, Leiden/Boston, Martinus Nijhoff, 2009, 758pp. (International Law in Japanese Perspective Volume 11) CASSESE(Antonio), International Criminal Law, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2003, 472pp. DAVID(Eric), Principes de droit des conflits armes, 3e ed., Bruxelles, Bruylant, 2002, 994pp. CASSESE(Antonio)/DELMAS-MARTY(Mireille)(dir.), Juridictions nationales et crimes internationaux, Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 2002, 673pp. TSUTSUI(Wakamizu), The Changing Postwar International Legal Regime. The Role Played by Japan, The Hague, Kluwer Law International, 2002, 186pp. (International Law in Japanese Perspective Volume 8) SALMON(Jean)(dir.), Dictionnaire de droit international public, Bruxelles, Bruylant/AUF, 2001, 1198pp. TRIFFTERER(Otto)(ed.), Commentary on the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Observers’ Notes, Article by Article, Munich, Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1999, 1295pp. ONUMA(Yasuaki)(ed.), A Normative Approach to War: Peace, War and Justice in Hugo Grotius, Oxford, Clarendon, 1993, 421pp. ANDO(Nisuke), Surrender, Occupation, and Private Property in International Law. An Evaluation of US Practice in Japan, Oxford, Clarendon, 1991, 208pp. SWINARSKI(Christophe)(dir.), Etudes et essais sur le droit international humanitaire et sur les principes de la Croix-Rouge en l’honneur de Jean PICTET, Geneve, le Comite international de la Croix-Rouge/Martinus Nijhoff, 1984, 1143pp. PICTET(Jean)(dir.), Commentaire I, II, III et IV La Convention de Geneve, 4vols, Geneve, le Comite international de la Croix-Rouge, 1952, 542pp., 1959, 333pp., 1958, 834pp. et 1956, 729pp.
脚注 ^ Anglo-Russian Relations House of Commons Hansard. ^ “Sergei Skripal: Who is the former Russian intelligence officer?”. BBC news. (29 March 2018) 27 February 2022閲覧。 ^ “David Cameron says ‘real progress’ made with Vladimir Putin over Syria”. The Telegraph. (10 May 2013) 3 December 2023閲覧。 ^ “Russia says it could have been in interests of Britain to poison Sergei Skripal”. The Independent (2 April 2018). 10 November 2018閲覧。 “The Kremlin has reacted angrily to the expulsion of Russian diplomats by Britain and its allies, starting tit-for-tat expulsions.” ^ “Russian invasion of Ukraine: UK government response”. GOV.UK. Government of the United Kingdom. 6 March 2022閲覧。 ^ a b “Kerch Bridge, Nord Stream the handiwork of top-tier saboteurs”. Asia Times. (15 October 2022) 29 October 2022閲覧。 ^ a b “Russia accuses ‘British experts’ of aiding drone attacks on Black Sea fleet”. The Daily Telegraph. (29 October 2022) 29 October 2022閲覧。 ^ “UK to gift multiple-launch rocket systems to Ukraine”. GOV.UK. (6 June 2022) 29 October 2022閲覧。 ^ “Where Military Aid to Ukraine Comes From”. Statistica. 29 October 2022閲覧。 ^ Sebag Montefiore, Simon (2016). The Romanovs. United Kingdom: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 48–49 ^ Jacob Abbott (1869). History of Peter the Great, Emperor of Russia. Harper. pp. 141–51 ^ John Holland Rose, William Pitt and national revival (1911) pp 589-607. ^ Jeremy Black (1994). British Foreign Policy in an Age of Revolutions, 1783-1793. Cambridge UP. p. 290. ISBN 9780521466844 ^ John Ehrman, The Younger Pitt: The Reluctant Transition (1996) [vol 2] pp xx. ^ Gerald Morgan, Anglo-Russian Rivalry in Central Asia, 1810-1895 (1981). ^ John Howes Gleason, The Genesis of Russophobia in Great Britain: A Study of the Interaction of Policy and Opinion (1950) online ^ C.W. Crawley, “Anglo-Russian Relations 1815-40. Cambridge Historical Journal 3.1 (1929) 47-73. in JSTOR ^ Anthony Swift, “Russia and the Great Exhibition of 1851: Representations, perceptions, and a missed opportunity.” Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas (2007): 242-263, in English. ^ Andrew D. Lambert, The Crimean War: British Grand Strategy Against Russia, 1853-56 (2011). ^ L. R. Lewitter, “The Polish Cause as seen in Great Britain, 1830–1863.” Oxford Slavonic Papers (1995): 35-61. ^ K. W. B. Middleton, Britain and Russia (1947) pp 47–91. Online ^ David R. Marples. ″Lenin’s Revolution: Russia 1917–1921.″ Pearson Education, 2000, p.3. ^ Helen Williams. ″Ringing the Bell: Editor–Reader Dialogue in Alexander Herzen’s Kolokol″. Book History 4 (2001), p. 116. ^ a b : Laurence Guymer. “Meeting Hauteur with Tact, Imperturbability, and Resolution: British Diplomacy and Russia, 1856–1865,” Diplomacy & Statecraft 29:3 (2018), 390-412, DOI:10.1080/09592296.2018.1491443 ^ Roman Golicz, “The Russians shall not have Constantinople: English Attitudes to Russia, 1870–1878”, History Today (November 2003) 53#9 pp 39-45. ^ Iwona Sakowicz, “Russia and the Russians opinions of the British press during the reign of Alexander II (dailies and weeklies).” Journal of European studies 35.3 (2005): 271-282. ^ Sir Sidney Lee (1903). Queen Victoria. p. 421 ^ Rodric Braithwaite, “The Russians in Afghanistan.” Asian Affairs 42.2 (2011): 213-229. ^ David Fromkin, “The Great Game in Asia,” Foreign Affairs(1980) 58#4 pp. 936-951 in JSTOR ^ a b Raymond Mohl, “Confrontation in Central Asia” History Today 19 (1969) 176-183 ^ Firuz Kazemzadeh, Russia and Britain in Persia, 1864-1914: A Study in Imperialism (Yale UP, 1968). ^ a b c Ian Nish, “Politics, Trade and Communications in East Asia: Thoughts on Anglo-Russian Relations, 1861–1907.” Modern Asian Studies 21.4 (1987): 667-678. Online ^ a b c David J. Dallin, The Rise of Russia in Asia (1949) pp 59-61, 36-39, 87-122. ^ Martin Malia, Russia Under Western Eyes (Boston: Harvard University Press, 2000) ^ Luke Kelly, British Humanitarian Activity and Russia, 1890-1923 (Palgrave Macmillan, 2017) ^ Alena N. Eskridge-Kosmach, “Russia in the Boxer Rebellion.” Journal of Slavic Military Studies 21.1 (2008): 38-52. ^ B. J. C. McKercher, “Diplomatic Equipoise: The Lansdowne Foreign Office the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, and the Global Balance of Power.” Canadian Journal of History 24#3 (1989): 299-340. online ^ Keith Neilson, Britain and the last tsar: British policy and Russia, 1894-1917 (Oxford UP, 1995) p 243. ^ Keith Neilson, “‘A dangerous game of American Poker’: The Russo‐Japanese war and British policy.” Journal of Strategic Studies 12#1 (1989): 63-87. online ^ Richard Ned Lebow, “Accidents and Crises: The Dogger Bank Affair.” Naval War College Review 31 (1978): 66-75. ^ a b Beryl J. Williams, “The Strategic Background to the Anglo-Russian Entente of August 1907.” Historical Journal 9#3 (1966): 360-73. online. ^ Cadra P. McDaniel, “Crossroads of Conflict: Central Asia and the European Continental Balance of Power.” Historian 73#1 (2011): 41-64. ^ Barbara Jelavich, St. Petersburg and Moscow: Tsarist And Soviet Foreign Policy, 1814-1974 (1974), pp 247-49, 254-56. ^ Ewen W. Edwards, “The Far Eastern Agreements of 1907.” Journal of Modern History 26.4 (1954): 340-355. Online ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. Anglo-Russian Entente ^ Neilson, Britain and the last tsar: British policy and Russia, 1894-1917 (1995). ^ Richard H. Ullman, Anglo-Soviet Relations, 1917-1921: Intervention and the War (1961). ^ Robert Service (2000). Lenin: A Biography. Pan Macmillan. p. 342. ISBN 9780330476331 ^ Steiner, Zara (2005). The lights that failed : European international history, 1919-1933. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-151881-2. OCLC 86068902 ^ Text in League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 4, pp. 128–136. ^ Christine A. White, British and American Commercial Relations with Soviet Russia, 1918-1924 (U of North Carolina Press, 1992). ^ “Recognition of Russia”. Evening Star. Press Association: p. 4. (2 February 1924) 28 December 2021閲覧。 ^ Christopher Andrew, “Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of Mi5” (London, 2009), p. 155. ^ For an account of the break in 1927, see Roger Schinness, “The Conservative Party and Anglo-Soviet Relations, 1925–27”, European History Quarterly 7, 4 (1977): 393–407. ^ Sontag, John P. (1975). “The Soviet War Scare of 1926-27”. The Russian Review 34 (1): 66–77. doi:10.2307/127760. ISSN 0036-0341. JSTOR 127760. ^ Brian Bridges, “Red or Expert? The Anglo–Soviet Exchange of Ambassadors in 1929.” Diplomacy & Statecraft 27.3 (2016): 437-452. ^ Robert Manne, “Some British Light on the Nazi-Soviet Pact.” European History Quarterly 11.1 (1981): 83-102. ^ Francis Beckett, Enemy Within: The Rise And Fall of the British Communist Party (John Murray, 1995) ^ Hill, Alexander (2007). “British Lend Lease Aid and the Soviet War Effort, June 1941-June 1942”. The Journal of Military History 71 (3): 773–808. doi:10.1353/jmh.2007.0206. JSTOR 30052890. ^ S. Monin, “‘The Matter of Iran Came Off Well Indeed’” International Affairs: A Russian Journal of World Politics, Diplomacy & International Relations (2011) 57#5 pp 220-231 ^ William Hardy McNeill, America, Britain and Russia: Their Cooperation and Conflict 1941-1946 (1953) pp 197-200. ^ John Lukacs, “The importance of being Winston.” The National Interest 111 (2011): 35-45 online. ^ Winston S. Churchill: His Complete Speeches, 1897–1963 (1974) vol 7 p 7069 ^ Martin Folly, “‘A Long, Slow and Painful Road’: The Anglo-American Alliance and the Issue of Co-operation with the USSR from Teheran to D-Day.” Diplomacy & Statecraft 23#3 (2012): 471-492. ^ Albert Resis, “The Churchill-Stalin Secret “Percentages” Agreement on the Balkans, Moscow, October 1944,” American Historical Review (1978) 83#2 pp. 368–387 in JSTOR ^ Klaus Larres, A companion to Europe since 1945 (2009) p. 9 ^ Shapiro, Margaret (18 October 1994). “Elizabeth II Visits Russia on Wave of Royal Gossip”. The Washington Post. オリジナルの19 September 2022時点におけるアーカイブ。 19 September 2022閲覧。 ^ “Mood for a fight in UK-Russia row”. BBC News. (14 January 2008) 15 April 2016閲覧。 ^ “Russia expels four embassy staff”. BBC News. (19 July 2007) 15 April 2016閲覧。 ^ “Двусторонние отношения”. 25 December 2019閲覧。 ^ “David Cameron says ‘real progress’ made with Vladimir Putin over Syria”. The Daily Telegraph. (10 May 2013) 3 December 2023閲覧。 ^ Anglo-Russian relations [1] 7 April 2008 ^ “BBC Media Player”. 25 December 2019閲覧。 ^ “Russia’s Bear bomber returns”. BBC News. (10 September 2007) 15 April 2016閲覧。 ^ “Russia to limit British Council”. BBC News. (12 December 2007) 15 April 2016閲覧。 ^ “Russia actions ‘stain reputation’”. BBC News. (17 January 2008) 15 April 2016閲覧。 ^ “British Council wins Russia fight”. BBC News. (17 October 2008) 2 May 2010閲覧。 ^ “Miliband in Georgia support vow”. BBC News. (19 August 2008) 24 August 2008閲覧。 ^ Kendall, Bridget (3 November 2009). “’Respectful disagreement’ in Moscow”. BBC News 2 May 2010閲覧。 ^ Pechatnov, Vladimir; Rajak, Svetozar (1 July 2016). “British-Soviet relations in the Cold War, 1943-1953 documentary evidence project. British-Soviet Relations in the Cold War, 1943-1953 Documentary Evidence Project” (English, Russian). Second World War (Academic Project) (Russian Academy of Sciences, British Academy and LSE IDEAS): Abstract. オリジナルの20 July 2021時点におけるアーカイブ。 20 July 2021閲覧。. ^ “Vladimir Putin and David Cameron find common ground but no action on Syria”. The Guardian. (2 August 2012) 3 December 2023閲覧。 ^ “Cameron claims talks with Putin on Syria are proving ‘purposeful’”. The Guardian. (10 May 2013) 11 December 2023閲覧。 ^ “David Cameron hails talks with Russia over Syria as ‘purposeful and useful’”. The Daily Telegraph. (10 May 2013) 3 December 2023閲覧。 ^ “Ukraine crisis: David Cameron attacks Crimea vote ‘under barrel of a Kalashnikov’”. The Independent. (21 March 2014) 11 December 2023閲覧。 ^ “UK suspends Military and Defense Ties with Russia over Crimea Annexure”. Biharprabha News. 19 March 2014閲覧。 ^ “Ukraine crisis: Russia and sanctions”. BBC News. (13 September 2014) ^ Cameron, David; Obama, Barack (4 September 2014). “We will not be cowed by barbaric killers”. The Times ^ Croft, Adrian; MacLellan, Kylie (4 September 2014). “NATO shakes up Russia strategy over Ukraine crisis”. Reuters ^ Rosenberg, Steve (26 June 2016). “EU referendum: What does Russia gain from Brexit?” (英語). BBC 15 December 2019閲覧。 ^ “Russia report: Government ‘underestimated’ threat and ‘clearly let us down’”. ITV News (21 July 2020). 4 December 2020閲覧。 ^ “PM accused of cover-up over report on Russian meddling in UK politics”. The Guardian (4 November 2019). 23 June 2021閲覧。 ^ Russia report reveals UK government failed to investigate Kremlin interference ^ Smith, David (27 January 2017). “Trump and May appear at odds over Russia sanctions at White House visit”. The Guardian ^ “Ties between UK and Russia have plummeted to an all-time low” (17 April 2017). 11 December 2023閲覧。 ^ a b PM speech to the Lord Mayor’s Banquet 2017 gov.uk, 13 November 2017. ^ Theresa May accuses Vladimir Putin of election meddling BBC, 14 November 2017. ^ Russian politicians dismiss PM’s ‘election meddling’ claims BBC, 14 November 2017. ^ ереза Мэй пытается спасти Британию, вызывая дух Путина RIA Novosti, 15 November 2017. ^ Леонид Ивашов. Фултонская речь Терезы Мэй interview of Gen Leonid Ivashov. ^ This is How Grown-Ups Deal With Putin The New York Times, 14 November 2017 (print edition on 16 November 2017). ^ “Johnson urges better Russia relations”. BBC News. (22 December 2017) 22 December 2017閲覧。 ^ EU leaders back Britain in blaming Russia over spy poisoning The Washington Post, 22 March 2018. ^ Walker, Peter; Roth, Andrew (15 March 2018). “UK, US, Germany and France unite to condemn spy attack”. The Guardian (London) 15 March 2018閲覧。 ^ “Salisbury attack: Joint statement from the leaders of France, Germany, the United States and the United Kingdom”. Government of the United Kingdom (15 March 2018). 23 March 2018閲覧。 ^ European Council conclusions on the Salisbury attack European Council, 22 March 2018. ^ Spy poisoning: Nato expels Russian diplomats BC, 27 March 2018. ^ Putin’s missteps over the Russian spy murder CNN, 27 March 2018. ^ “Amesbury poisoning: Russia using UK as ‘dumping ground’”, BBC News, 1 July 2018 ^ “General Mark Carleton-Smith discusses Russia, AI, and developing capability”. UK Defence Journal. (20 June 2018) ^ a b “CGS Keynote Address 2018”. Royal United Services Institute ^ “Russia is preparing for war, British military experts warn”. Daily Mirror. (20 June 2018) ^ “Russia poses greater threat to Britain than Isil, says new Army chief”. The Daily Telegraph. (23 November 2018). オリジナルの12 January 2022時点におけるアーカイブ。 ^ “World leaders react to Boris Johnson’s British election victory”. Reuters. (13 December 2019) ^ “Putin praises Boris Johnson’s Brexit crusade”. Yahoo! News. (13 December 2019) ^ “Global Britain in a competitive age”. HM Government. 24 March 2022閲覧。 ^ Fisher, Lucy; Sheridan, Danielle (24 June 2021). “Dominic Raab warned MoD about Royal Navy’s Crimea plans”. The Daily Telegraph. オリジナルの12 January 2022時点におけるアーカイブ。 27 June 2021閲覧。 ^ Therrien, Alex (24 February 2022). “Ukraine conflict: UK sanctions target Russian banks and oligarchs”. BBC News 25 February 2022閲覧。 ^ Haynes, Deborah (20 January 2022). “Russia-Ukraine tensions: UK sends 30 elite troops and 2,000 anti-tank weapons to Ukraine amid fears of Russian invasion” (英語). London, United Kingdom: Sky News. オリジナルの20 January 2022時点におけるアーカイブ。 21 January 2022閲覧。 ^ Wallace, Ben (16 March 2022). “Defence Secretary meets NATO Defence Minister in Brussels” (英語). GOV.UK. 16 March 2022時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。18 March 2022閲覧。 ^ “UK supplying starstreak anti-aircraft missiles to Ukraine, defence minister Wallace tells BBC”. Reuters. (16 March 2021) 16 March 2022閲覧。 ^ Parker, Charlie. “British Starstreak that can tear a MIG apart”. The Times 22 March 2022閲覧。 ^ “UK showcases missile systems to send to Poland”. BFBS. (21 March 2022) 21 March 2022閲覧。 ^ “PM Johnson says UK and allies have taken decisive action against Russia over SWIFT”. Reuters. (27 February 2022) 27 February 2022閲覧。 ^ Schomberg, William; Heavens, Louise. “Britain urges its nationals to consider leaving Russia”. Reuters 6 March 2022閲覧。 ^ James, William (11 March 2022). “UK imposes sanctions on Russian lawmakers who supported Ukraine breakaway regions”. Reuters 13 March 2022閲覧。 ^ “France, UK, Germany say Iran deal could collapse on Russian demands”. Reuters. (12 March 2022) 13 March 2022閲覧。 ^ “UK says there is ‘very very strong evidence’ Russia’s Putin behind war crimes in Ukraine”. Reuters. (17 March 2022) 20 March 2022閲覧。 ^ “Russia outlines plan for ‘unfriendly’ investors to sell up at half-price”. Reuters. (30 December 2022) ^ “Kremlin says UK’s Johnson is most active anti-Russian leader – RIA”. Reuters. (24 March 2022) 24 March 2022閲覧。 ^ “Russian propaganda TV shows airs simulation of nukes striking Great Britain” (英語). Fortune. 5 May 2022閲覧。 ^ “G7 agrees to intensify economic pressure on Putin, UK PM says”. Reuters. (8 May 2022) 9 May 2022閲覧。 ^ Romaniello, Federica (2022年6月28日). “Operation MOBILISE: Army’s new primary focus” (英語). Forces. BFBS. 2024年6月14日閲覧。 ^ “British army to mobilize to ‘prevent war’ in Europe, army chief says”. Anadolu Agency (2022年6月28日). 2024年6月14日閲覧。 ^ “British pro-Kremlin video blogger added to UK government Russia sanctions list”. The Guardian. (26 July 2022) December 11, 2023閲覧。 ^ “Russian jet ‘released missile’ near RAF aircraft during patrol over Black Sea”. Sky News. (20 October 2022) 22 October 2022閲覧。 ^ “Rishi Sunak announces ban at G7 on Russian diamonds, copper, aluminium and nickel”. Sky News. (19 May 2023) 12 December 2023閲覧。 ^ Russian spies in UK ′at Cold War levels′, says MI5. The Guardian. 29 June 2010. ^ “Russia’s intelligence attack: The Anna Chapman danger” BBC News, 17 August 2010. ^ Jonathan Powell comes clean over plot to spy on Russians The Independent, 19 January 2012. ^ Британия признала, что использовала “шпионский камень” BBC, 19 January 2012. ^ “UK spied on Russians with fake rock”. BBC News. (19 January 2012) 3 December 2023閲覧。 ^ “Russia spy poisoning: 23 UK diplomats expelled from Moscow”. BBC News. (17 March 2018) 13 June 2023閲覧。 関連文献 Anderson, M. S. Britain’s Discovery of Russia 1553–1815 (1958). * Chamberlain, Muriel E. Pax Britannica?: British Foreign Policy 1789–1914 (1989) Clarke, Bob. Four Minute Warning: Britain’s Cold War (2005) Crawley, C. W. “Anglo-Russian Relations 1815-40” Cambridge Historical Journal (1929) 3#1 pp. 47–73 online Cross, A. G. ed. Great Britain and Russia in the Eighteenth Century: Contacts and Comparisons. Proceedings of an international conference held at the University of East Anglia, Norwich, England, 11–15 July 1977 (Newtonville, MA: Oriental Research Partners, 1979). toc Cross, A. G. ed. The Russian Theme in English Literature from the Sixteenth Century to 1980: An Introductory Survey and a Bibliography (1985). Cross, A. G. By the Banks of the Thames: Russians in 18th century Britain (Oriental Research Partners, 1980) Dallin, David J. The Rise of Russia in Asia (1949) online Figes, Orlando. The Crimean War: A History (2011) excerpt and text search, scholarly history Fuller, William C. Strategy and Power in Russia 1600–1914 (1998) Gleason, John Howes. The Genesis of Russophobia in Great Britain: A Study of the Interaction of Policy and Opinion (1950) Guymer, Laurence. “Meeting Hauteur with Tact, Imperturbability, and Resolution: British Diplomacy and Russia, 1856–1865,” Diplomacy & Statecraft 29:3 (2018), 390–412, DOI:10.1080/09592296.2018.1491443 Horn, David Bayne. Great Britain and Europe in the eighteenth century (1967), covers 1603 to 1702; pp 201–36. Ingram, Edward. “Great Britain and Russia,” pp 269–305 in William R. Thompson, ed. Great power rivalries (1999) online Jelavich, Barbara. St. Petersburg and Moscow: Tsarist and Soviet foreign policy, 1814–1974 (1974) online Klimova, Svetlana. “‘A Gaul Who Has Chosen Impeccable Russian as His Medium’: Ivan Bunin and the British Myth of Russia in the Early 20th Century.” in A People Passing Rude: British Responses to Russian Culture (2012): 215-230 online. Macmillan, Margaret. The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914 (2013) cover 1890s to 1914; see esp. ch 2, 5, 6, 7. Meyendorff, A. F. (November 1946). “Anglo-Russian trade in the 16th century”. The Slavonic and East European Review 25 (64). Middleton, K.W.B. Britain and Russia: An Historical essay (1947) Narrative history 1558 to 1945 online Morgan, Gerald, and Geoffrey Wheeler. Anglo-Russian Rivalry in Central Asia, 1810–1895 (1981) Neilson, Keith. Britain and the Last Tsar: British Policy and Russia, 1894–1917 (1995) Nish, Ian. “Politics, Trade and Communications in East Asia: Thoughts on Anglo-Russian Relations, 1861–1907.” Modern Asian Studies 21.4 (1987): 667–678. Online Pares, Bernard. “The Objectives of Russian Study in Britain.” The Slavonic Review (1922) 1#1: 59-72 online. Sergeev, Evgeny. The Great Game, 1856–1907: Russo-British Relations in Central and East Asia (Johns Hopkins UP, 2013). Szamuely, Helen. “The Ambassadors” History Today (2013) 63#4 pp 38–44. Examines the Russian diplomats serving in London, 1600 to 1800. Permanent embassies were established in London and Moscow in 1707. Thornton, A.P. “Afghanistan in Anglo-Russian Diplomacy, 1869-1873” Cambridge Historical Journal (1954) 11#2 pp. 204–218 online. Williams, Beryl J. “The Strategic Background to the Anglo-Russian Entente of August 1907.” Historical Journal 9#3 (1966): 360–373. 英ソ関係 Bartlett, C. J. British Foreign Policy in the Twentieth Century (1989) Bell, P. M. H. John Bull and the Bear: British Public Opinion, Foreign Policy and the Soviet Union 1941–45 (1990). online free to borrow Beitzell, Robert. The uneasy alliance; America, Britain, and Russia, 1941-1943 (1972) online Bevins, Richard, and Gregory Quinn. ‘Blowing Hot and Cold: Anglo-Soviet Relations’, in British Foreign Policy, 1955-64: Contracting Options, eds. Wolfram Kaiser and Gilliam Staerck, (St Martin’s Press, 2000) pp 209–39. Bridges, Brian. “Red or Expert? The Anglo–Soviet Exchange of Ambassadors in 1929.” Diplomacy & Statecraft 27.3 (2016): 437–452. doi:10.1080/09592296.2016.1196065 Carlton, David. Churchill and the Soviet Union (Manchester UP, 2000). Deighton, Anne. “Britain and the Cold War, 1945–1955”, in The Cambridge History of the Cold War, eds. Mervyn P. Leffler and Odd Arne Westad, (Cambridge UP, 2010) Vol. 1. pp 112–32. Deighton Anne. “The ‘Frozen Front’: The Labour Government, the Division of Germany and the Origins of the Cold War, 1945–1947,” International Affairs 65, 1987: 449–465. in JSTOR Deighton, Anne. The Impossible Peace: Britain, the Division of Germany and the Origins of the Cold War (1990) Feis, Herbert. Churchill Roosevelt Stalin The War They Waged and the Peace They Sought A Diplomatic History of World War II (1957) online free to borrow Gorodetsky, Gabriel, ed. Soviet Foreign Policy, 1917–1991: A Retrospective (2014). Hennessy, Peter. The Secret State: Whitehall and the Cold War (Penguin, 2002). Haslam, Jonathan. Russia’s Cold War: From the October Revolution to the Fall of the Wall (Yale UP, 2011) Hughes, Geraint. Harold Wilson’s Cold War: The Labour Government and East–West Politics, 1964–1970 (Boydell Press, 2009). Jackson, Ian. The Economic Cold War: America, Britain and East–West Trade, 1948–63 (Palgrave, 2001). Keeble, Curtis. Britain, the Soviet Union, and Russia (2nd ed. Macmillan, 2000). Kulski, Wladyslaw W. (1959). Peaceful Coexistence: An Analysis of Soviet Foreign Policy. Chicago: Henry Regnery Company Lerner, Warren. “The Historical Origins of the Soviet Doctrine of Peaceful Coexistence.” Law & Contemporary Problems 29 (1964): 865+ online. Lipson, Leon. “Peaceful coexistence.” Law and Contemporary Problems 29.4 (1964): 871–881. online McNeill, William Hardy. America, Britain, & Russia: Their Co-Operation and Conflict, 1941–1946 (1953) Marantz, Paul. “Prelude to détente: doctrinal change under Khrushchev.” International Studies Quarterly 19.4 (1975): 501–528. Miner, Steven Merritt. Between Churchill and Stalin: The Soviet Union, Great Britain, and the Origins of the Grand Alliance (1988) online Neilson, Keith Britain, Soviet Russia and the Collapse of the Versailles Order, 1919–1939 (2006). Newman, Kitty. Macmillan, Khrushchev and the Berlin Crisis, 1958–1960 (Routledge, 2007). Pravda, Alex, and Peter J. S. Duncan, eds. Soviet British Relations since the 1970s (Cambridge UP, 1990). Reynolds, David, et al. Allies at War: The Soviet, American, and British Experience, 1939–1945 (1994). Sainsbury, Keith. Turning Point: Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill & Chiang-Kai-Shek, 1943: The Moscow, Cairo & Tehran Conferences (1985) 373pp. Samra, Chattar Singh. India and Anglo-Soviet Relations (1917-1947) (Asia Publishing House, 1959). Shaw, Louise Grace. The British Political Elite and the Soviet Union, 1937–1939 (2003) online Swann, Peter William. “British attitudes towards the Soviet Union, 1951-1956” (PhD. Diss. University of Glasgow, 1994) online Ullman, Richard H. Anglo-Soviet Relations, 1917–1921 (3 vol 1972), highly detailed. Густерин П. В. Советско-британские отношения между мировыми войнами. — Саарбрюккен: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing. 2014. ISBN 978-3-659-55735-4. 一次資料 Stalin’s Correspondence with Churchill, Attlee, Roosevelt And Truman 1941-45 (1958) online Dixon, Simon (1998). Britain and Russia in the Age of Peter the Great: Historical Documents. London: School of Slavonic and East European Studies. ISBN 9780903425612 Maisky, Ivan. The Maisky Diaries: The Wartime Revelations of Stalin’s Ambassador in London edited by Gabriel Gorodetsky, (Yale UP, 2016); highly revealing commentary 1932-43; abridged from 3 volume Yale edition; online review Watt, D.C. (ed.) British Documents on Foreign Affairs, Part II, Series A: The Soviet Union, 1917–1939 vol. XV (University Publications of America, 1986). Wiener, Joel H. ed. Great Britain: Foreign Policy and the Span of Empire, 1689–1971: A Documentary History (4 vol 1972) 外部リンク
ウィキメディア・コモンズには、英露関係に関連するメディアがあります。 Timeline of recent Anglo-Russian relations (1985–2007) at BBC News Anglo-Russian relations: The big freeze at The Economist Bilateral agreements between Russia and the United Kingdom 表話編歴 ロシアの旗 ロシアの国際関係 表話編歴 イギリスの旗 イギリスの国際関係 カテゴリ: 英露関係ロシアの二国間関係イギリスの二国間関係 最終更新 2024年9月27日 (金) 20:27 (日時は個人設定で未設定ならばUTC)。 テキストはクリエイティブ・コモンズ 表示-継承ライセンスのもとで利用できます。追加の条件が適用される場合があります。詳細については利用規約を参照してください。』