1945年以降、公民権運動が高まるとジム・クロウ法に対して裁判闘争が行われ、1954年から1955年にかけて、連邦最高裁判所は、プレッシー対ファーガソン裁判で確立された「分離すれども平等(separate but equal)」という判例法理を覆し、公立学校における人種別学制度は違憲とする判決を下した(ブラウン対教育委員会裁判、Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (Brown I) 347 U.S. 483, 74 S. Ct. 686, 98 L. Ed. 873 (1954)、Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (Brown II) 349 U.S. 294, 75 S. Ct. 753, 99 L. Ed. 1083 (1955))。
1964年7月2日、リンドン・ジョンソン政権は公民権法 (Civil Rights Act) を制定し、南部各州のジム・クロウ法は即時廃止となった。
名の由来
ジャンプ・ジム・クロウの楽譜の表紙
ジム・クロウという名は、ミンストレル・ショー(Minstrel Show、白人が黒人に扮して歌うコメディ)の1828年のヒット曲、『ジャンプ・ジム・クロウ(英語版)』(Jump Jim Crow) に由来する。
『War of rights』(PC steam 2018年12月4日)
『コマンドマガジン日本版第29号「ゲティスバーグの戦い」』(国際通信社)
『コマンドマガジン日本版第59号「アンティータム会戦」』(国際通信社)
『コマンドマガジン日本版第83号「ブルー&グレー」』(国際通信社)収録ゲームは、CHICKAMAUGA(チカマウガの戦い), ANTIETAM(アンティータムの戦い), SHILOH(シャイローの戦い),CEMETARY HILL(セメタリー・ヒル)
『ハウス・デバイデッド (A House Divided)』(GDW社/1981年 ファランクスゲームズ)
『大戦略南北戦争 (The Civil War)』(Victory Games社/1983年 ホビージャパン社)
『ノース&サウス わくわく南北戦争』(ファミリーコンピュータ、1990年 コトブキシステム)
『The War for the Union』(1992年 Clash Of Arms社)
『For the People』(1998年 AvalonHill社)
『Civil War: Nation Divided』(Xbox 360/PS2、2008年11月4日、Activision社)
『Civilization 5』拡張パック第2弾「Brave New World」に、南北戦争シナリオマップが含まれている(2013年7月 Firaxis Games社)
音楽
『自由の喊声』
『ジョージア行進曲』
『ジョニーが凱旋するとき』
『リパブリック讃歌』
脚注 [脚注の使い方] 注釈
^ 米墨戦争の結果アメリカ合衆国はメキシコ割譲地と呼ばれる広大な領土を収得した。
^ リンカーンは新たに合衆国に加わる州に奴隷制を広めるのに反対だったため、南部は徐々に自由州が増えて議会でのバランスが崩れる事によって最終的に奴隷制が廃止される事を怖れたのだろう。
^ 合衆国の首都であるワシントンD.C.はちょうどバージニア州(連合国)とメリーランド州(合衆国)の間にあるため、メリーランド州が南部連合国に寝返った場合は首都が北部州から完全に切り離される危険性があった。
^ 北部に残った士官より南部に去った士官たちの方が、全体的に質が高かったと言われている。
^ 軍の名称としては南軍の北バージニア軍と酷似し混乱の元なので、この戦いの後に廃止されている。ただし、更に紛らわしいテネシー軍の呼称は、なぜか両軍で使われ続けた。なお、英語で書いた場合、北部のそれはArmy of the Tennesseeである。これはテネシー川にちなんでおり、テネシー川(流域)軍を意味する。南部のそれはArmy of Tennesseeである。こちらはテネシー州からきており、正確にはテネシー州(の)軍となる。
^ 上記のように南部で徴兵適齢期に達していた市民は約100万人だった。つまり南部は動員可能な兵力をほとんど全て招集したと言う事がわかる。
^ 北部の通貨制度は伊藤博文の現地調査によって日本に影響を与え、1872年に明治政府は国立銀行条例を制定した。
^ ドイツが北部国債に投資したのは、ドイツからの移民が北部を中心としていた点にあるとされる。
出典
^ “The Belligerent Rights of the Rebels at an End. All Nations Warned Against Harboring Their Privateers. If They Do Their Ships Will be Excluded from Our Ports. Restoration of Law in the State of Virginia. The Machinery of Government to be Put in Motion There.”. The New York Times (1865年5月10日). 2013年12月23日閲覧。
^ a b Total number that served
^ a b c “Facts”. National Park Service. 2016年2月8日閲覧。
^ "Size of the Union Army in the American Civil War": Of which 131,000 were in the Navy and Marines, 140,000 were garrison troops and home defense militia, and 427,000 were in the field army.
^ Long, E. B. The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac, 1861?1865. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1971. OCLC 68283123. p. 705.
^ "The war of the rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies. ; Series 4 - Volume 2", United States. War Dept 1900.
^ a b c Fox, William F. Regimental losses in the American Civil War (1889)
^ a b c Official DOD data Archived 2014年2月28日, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Chambers & Anderson 1999, p. 849.
^ Nofi, Al (2001年6月13日). “Statistics on the War's Costs”. Louisiana State University. 2007年7月11日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2007年10月14日閲覧。
^ Recounting the dead, Associate Professor J. David Hacker, "estimates, based on Census data, indicate that the death toll was approximately 750,000, and may have been as high as 850,000"
^ Inc, NetAdvance Inc NetAdvance. “南北戦争|日本大百科全書・世界大百科事典・日本国語大辞典|ジャパンナレッジ”. JapanKnowledge. 2024年1月19日閲覧。
^ “19世紀後半、黒船、地震、台風、疫病などの災禍をくぐり抜け、明治維新に向かう(福和伸夫)”. Yahoo!ニュース. (2020年8月24日) 2020年12月3日閲覧。
^ Elekund, R.B., Jackson J.D., and Thornton M., "The 'Unintended Consequences' of Confederate Trade Legislation." Eastern Economic Journal, Spring 2004
^ “米国の戦争、犠牲者数ワースト10”. ウォール・ストリート・ジャーナル 2014年5月27日閲覧。
^ http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1860c-01.pdf
^ Martis, Kenneth C., "The Historical Atlas of the Congresses of the Confederate States of America: 1861?1865" Simon & Schuster (1994) ISBN 0-13-389115-1 pp.27.
^ Digital History Reader, U.S. Railroad Construction, 1860?1880 Virginia Tech, Retrieved August 21, 2012.
^ “建設現場で黒人とみられる95人の遺体、奴隷解放後も強制労働か”. CNN (2018年7月20日). 2018年7月21日閲覧。
^ Thomas A. Bailey, A Diplomatic History of the American People, NY (1958), 6th ed., pp. 388?389.
^ エフラム・ダグラス・アダムス(英語版)(1924) Great Britain and the American Civil War.
^ a b 富田 2006, p. 182.
^ a b 富田 2006, p. 186.
^ 富田 2006, p. 181, 186.
^ 富田 2006, p. 191.
『合衆国の歴史:第6巻/南北戦争』1966年 時事通信社/ライフ編集部
『ナショナル・ジオグラフィック日本版』2012年5月号(日経ナショナル・ジオグラフィック社)
『歴史群像 No.26 南北戦争 THE CIVIL WARの全貌』、1996年、学研
関連項目
南北戦争における名誉勲章受章者の一覧
アメリカ合衆国の人種差別
オールドバルディー
リンカーン大統領暗殺事件
The Civil War (documentary) by Ken Burns, broadcast on PBS in 1990
麻雀のローカル役#南北戦争
オークランズ・ヒストリック・ハウス・ミュージアム
レフォルマ戦争
トーマス・ブレーク・グラバー - 南北戦争で余った武器を日本で売りさばいた。
フォーティエイターズ
奴隷制度に対するキリスト教徒の見解
^ 当時の黒人には領収書を保存する習慣がなかったといわれており、領収書提示要求はこのことを利用した黒人排除の障壁といえる。
^ Quoted from Reagan's speech: "I still believe the answer to any problem lies with the people. I believe in states' rights and I believe in people doing as much as they can for themselves at the community level and at the private level. I believe we have distorted the balance of our government today by giving powers that were never intended to be given in the Constitution to that federal establishment". “Sound file” (MP3). Onlinemadison.com. 2016年3月4日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2015年9月27日閲覧。
^ 要はニクソンが共和党候補として初めて南部まで含めた全国的な選挙戦略を展開したということを主張している。
出典
^ Boyd, James (1970年5月17日). “Nixon's Southern strategy: 'It's All in the Charts'”. The New York Times 2008年8月2日閲覧。
^ a b Carter, Dan T. From George Wallace to Newt Gingrich: Race in the Conservative Counterrevolution, 1963–1994. p. 35.
^ a b c Branch, Taylor (1999). Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years 1963–65. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 242. ISBN 978-0-684-80819-2. OCLC 37909869
^ a b c Apple, R.W. Jr. (1996年9月19日). “G.O.P. Tries Hard to Win Black Votes, but Recent History Works Against It”. The New York Times. オリジナルの2012年1月22日時点におけるアーカイブ。
^ a b Aistrup, Joseph A. (1996). The Southern Strategy Revisited: Republican Top-Down Advancement in the South. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-4792-5
^ a b Lisa Bedolla, Kerry Haynie (2013). “The Obama coalition and the future of American politics”. Politics, Groups, and Identities 1: 128–33. doi:10.1080/21565503.2012.758593.
^ Crespino, Joseph (2007). In Search of Another Country: Mississippi and the Conservative Counterrevolution. Princeton University Press. pp. 10. "Whatever the shortcomings of the southern strategy thesis, on one score it has been exactly right: it has placed white reaction against the modern civil rights movement at the center of the conservative resurgence since the 1960s."
^ Julian E. Zelizer (2012). Governing America: The Revival of Political History. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-4189-9. "younger Southern historians such as Matthew Lassiter, Kevin Kruse, and Joseph Crespino objected to claims about Southern Exceptionalism while agreeing on the centrality of a racial backlash"
^ Lassiter, Matthew D. (2006). The Silent Majority: Suburban Politics in the Sunbelt South. Princeton University Press. pp. 4–7. ISBN 978-1-4008-4942-0
^ a b Feldman, Glenn (2011). Painting Dixie Red: When, Where, Why and How the South Became Republican. University Press of Florida. pp. 16, 80
^ Matthew D. Lassiter; Joseph Crespino (2010). The Myth of Southern Exceptionalism. Oxford University Press. pp. 25–. ISBN 978-0-19-538474-1
^ Kevin Michael Kruse (2005). White Flight: Atlanta and the Making of Modern Conservatism. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-09260-7
^ Rondy, John (2005年7月15日). “GOP ignored black vote, chairman says: RNC head apologizes at NAACP meeting”. The Boston Globe. Reuters. オリジナルの2012年1月12日時点におけるアーカイブ。
^ Allen, Mike (2005年7月14日). “RNC Chief to Say It Was 'Wrong' to Exploit Racial Conflict for Votes”. The Washington Post 2013年10月14日閲覧。
^ Javits, Jacob K. (1963年10月27日). “To Preserve the Two-Party System”. The New York Times
^ Phillips, Kevin (1969). The Emerging Republican Majority. New York: Arlington House. ISBN 978-0-87000-058-4. OCLC 18063 passim
^ Applebome, Peter.. Dixie rising : how the South is shaping American values, politics, and culture (First Harvest edition ed.). San Diego. ISBN 0-15-600550-6. OCLC 37379831
^ Richard H. Abbott, The Republican Party and the South, 1855–1877: The First Southern Strategy (1986) p. 231
^ Tali Mendelberg (2001). The Race Card: Campaign Strategy, Implicit Messages, and the Norm of Equality. Princeton UP. p. 52. ISBN 978-0691070711
^ C. Vann Woodward, Reunion and Reaction: The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction(1956) pp. 8, 205–12
^ Vincent P. De Santis, Republicans face the southern question: The new departure years, 1877–1897 (1959) pp. 71–85
^ Nicholas Lemann, Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War (New York: Farrar Straus & Giroux, 2007), pp. 74–80
^ Zinn, Howard (1999). A People's History of the United States. New York: HarperCollins. pp. 205–10, 449. ISBN 978-0-06-052842-3
^ Perman, Michael (2001). Struggle for Mastery: Disfranchisement in the South, 1888–1908. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press pp. 1–8
^ “Turnout for Presidential and Midterm Elections”. Politics: Historical Barriers to Voting. University of Texas. 2008年8月1日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2008年8月2日閲覧。
^ Boris Heersink and Jeffery A. Jenkins, "Southern Delegates and Republican National Convention Politics, 1880–1928," Studies in American Political Development (April 2015) 29#1 pp. 68–88
^ Edward O. Frantz, The Door of Hope: Republican Presidents and the First Southern Strategy, 1877–1933 (University Press of Florida, 2011)
^ "Beginnings of black education", The Civil Rights Movement in Virginia. Virginia Historical Society. Retrieved April 12, 2009.
^ Dobbs, Ricky Floyd (2007年1月1日). “Continuities in American anti-Catholicism: the Texas Baptist Standard and the coming of the 1960 election.”. Baptist History and Heritage. オリジナルの2014年2月21日時点におけるアーカイブ。
^ “Thurmond to Bolt Democrats Today; South Carolinian Will Join G.O.P. and Aid Goldwater”. The New York Times: p. 12. (1964年9月16日) 2010年12月27日閲覧. "Both senators have opposed the Administration on such matters as civil rights..."
^ Benen, Steve (May 21, 2010). “The Party of Civil Rights”. Washington Monthly 2012年6月18日閲覧。.
^ Gregg. “The Second Great Migration”. inmotionaame. inmotionaame. 2015年5月6日閲覧。
^ James L. Sundquist (2011). Dynamics of the Party System: Alignment and Realignment of Political Parties in the United States. Brookings Institution Press. p. 285
^ Günter Bischof and Stephen E. Ambrose, eds. (1995). Eisenhower: A Centenary Assessment. Louisiana State University Press. pp. 92–93. ISBN 978-0807119426
^ Sheldon Goldman (1999). Picking Federal Judges: Lower Court Selection from Roosevelt Through Reagan. Yale University Press. p. 128
^ a b McWhorter, Diane (2001). Carry Me Home: Birmingham, Alabama, The Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-80747-8. OCLC 45376386
^ Robert H Donaldson (2015). Liberalism's Last Hurrah: The Presidential Campaign of 1964. Taylor & Francis. p. 27. ISBN 978-1317466093
^ “Civil Rights Act of 1964 – CRA – Title VII – Equal Employment Opportunities – 42 US Code Chapter 21”. Finduslaw.com. 2012年1月22日閲覧。
^ The Long Southern Strategy: How Chasing White Voters in the South Changed American Politics. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. (2019). ISBN 978-0190265960
^ Gregg. “Election of 1964”. American Presidency Project. American Presidency Project. 2015年5月6日閲覧。
^ Rutenberg, Jim (2015年7月29日). “A Dream Undone”. The New York Times 2015年7月29日閲覧。
^ Thomas R. Dye, Louis Schubert, Harmon Zeigler. The Irony of Democracy: An Uncommon Introduction to American Politics, Cengage Learning. 2011
^ Ted Van Dyk. "How the Election of 1968 Reshaped the Democratic Party", Wall Street Journal, 2008
^ Zinn, Howard (1999) A People's History of the United States New York: HarperCollins, 457–61
^ Zinn, Howard (1999) A People's History of the United States New York:HarperCollins, 491
^ Robin, Corey (2011). The Reactionary Mind: Conservatism from Edmund Burke to Sarah Palin. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-19-979393-8. "southern strategy Corey Robin."
^ Johnson, Thomas A. (1968年8月13日). “Negro Leaders See Bias in Call Of Nixon for 'Law and Order'”. The New York Times: p. 27 2008年8月2日閲覧。(Paid subscription required要購読契約)
^ Greenberg, David (2007年11月20日). “Dog-Whistling Dixie: When Reagan said "states' rights," he was talking about race.”. Slate. オリジナルの2012年1月12日時点におけるアーカイブ。
^ "Nixon in Dixie", The American Conservative magazine
^ Childs, Marquis (1970年6月8日). “Wallace's Victory Weakens Nixon's Southern Strategy”. The Morning Record
^ Hart, Jeffrey (9 February 2006). The Making of the American Conservative Mind. Hanover, New Hampshire: C-SPAN.
^ Glen Moore, "Richard M. Nixon and the 1970 Midterm Elections in the South." Southern Historian 12 (1991) pp. 60–71.
^ John Paul Hill, "Nixon's Southern Strategy Rebuffed: Senator Marlow W. Cook and the Defeat of Judge G. Harrold Carswell for the US Supreme Court." Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 112#4 (2014). 613–50.
^ Bruce H. Kalk, "The Carswell Affair: The Politics of a Supreme Court Nomination in the Nixon Administration". American Journal of Legal History (1998): 261–87. in JSTOR
^ James R. Sweeney, "Southern strategies," Virginia Magazine of History & Biography (1998) 106#2 pp. 165–200.
^ Aistrup, Joseph A. (2015). The Southern Strategy Revisited: Republican Top-Down Advancement in the South. University Press of Kentucky. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-8131-4792-5
^ Lamis, Alexander P. (1999). Southern Politics in the 1990s. Louisiana State University Press. pp. 7–8. ISBN 978-0-8071-2374-4
^ Sunshine Hillygus, D.; Shields, Todd G. (2014). The Persuadable Voter. ISBN 978-1400831593
^ Rick Perlstein (13 November 2012). “Exclusive: Lee Atwater's Infamous 1981 Interview on the Southern Strategy”. The Nation.
^ “Ronald Reagan's Neshoba County Speech”. C-SPAN. C-SPAN (2010年4月10日). 2015年6月11日閲覧。
^ Cannon, Lou (2003). Governor Reagan: His Rise to Power, New York: Public Affairs, 477–78.
^ Michael Goldfield (1997) The Color of Politics: Race and the Mainspring of American Politics, New York: The New Press, 314.
^ Walton, Hanes (1997). African American Power and Politics. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-231-10419-7
^ Smith, Terence (1980年10月16日). “White House Repudiates Andrew Young Remarks; Carter Campaign Financed Trip”. New York Times 2019年11月20日閲覧。
^ Henry A. Giroux (2002). Living dangerously: Identity politics and the new cultural racism: Towards a critical pedagogy of representation. Routledge. p. 38. ISBN 978-0415907781
^ Aistrup, Joseph A. (2015). The Southern Strategy Revisited: Republican Top-Down Advancement in the South. University Press of Kentucky. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-8131-4792-5
^ Dan T. Carter (1999). From George Wallace to Newt Gingrich: Race in the Conservative Counterrevolution, 1963–1994. Louisiana State University Press. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-8071-2366-9
^ “The Truth Behind The Lies Of The Original 'Welfare Queen'”. NPR.org (2013年12月20日). 2008年8月2日閲覧。
^ Haney-Lopez, Ian (2014). Dog Whistle Politics: How Coded Racial Appeals Have Reinvented Racism and Wrecked the Middle Class. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199964277. "Reagan also trumpeted his racial appeals in blasts against welfare cheats. On the stump, Reagan repeatedly invoked a story of a "Chicago welfare queen" with "eighty names, thirty addresses, [and] twelve Social Security cards [who] is collecting veteran's benefits on four non-existing deceased husbands. She's got Medicaid, getting food stamps, and she is collecting welfare under each of her names. Her tax-free cash income is over $150,000.""
^ Mayer, Jeremy D (2002). Running on Race: Racial Politics in Presidential Campaigns, 1960–2000. Random House Inc.. pp. 152–55
^ Haney-Lopez, Ian (2014). Dog Whistle Politics: How Coded Racial Appeals Have Reinvented Racism and Wrecked the Middle Class. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199964277
^ Aistrup, Joseph A. (2015). The Southern Strategy Revisited: Republican Top-Down Advancement in the South. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 51–52. ISBN 978-0-8131-4792-5
^ Swint, Kerwin (2008). Dark Genius: The Influential Career of Legendary Political Operative and Fox News Founder Roger Ailes. New York: Union Square Press. pp. 37–38. ISBN 978-1-4027-5445-6. "willie horton southern strategy."
^ Mendelberg, Tali (2001). The Race Card: Campaign Strategy, Implicit Messages, and the Norm of Equality. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 143–44. ISBN 978-0-691-07071-1. "willie horton southern strategy."
^ Whitaker, Morgan (2013年10月21日). “The legacy of the Willie Horton ad lives on, 25 years later”. MSNBC
^ Mayer, Jeremy D (2002). Running on Race: Racial Politics in Presidential Campaigns, 1960–2000. Random House Inc.. pp. 212–14
^ Jesse Helms "Hands" ad. 16 October 2006.
^ Caliendo, Stephen Maynard; McIlwain, Charlton D. (2005). “Racial Messages in Political Campaigns”. Polling America: An Encyclopedia of Public Opinion. 2. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press. p. 643. ISBN 978-0-313-32713-1
^ Herbert, Bob (2005年10月6日). “Impossible, Ridiculous, Repugnant”. The New York Times. オリジナルの2012年1月4日時点におけるアーカイブ。
^ Aistrup, Joseph A. (1996). The southern strategy revisited : Republican top-down advancement in the South. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0813119045
^ a b Nossiter, Adam (2008年11月10日). “For South, a Waning Hold on National Politics”. The New York Times. オリジナルの2012年11月16日時点におけるアーカイブ。
^ Alexander P. Lamis, ed., Southern Politics in the 1990s (1999) pp. 1–9
^ Chris Ladd, "Pastors, Not Politicians, Turned Dixie Republican," Forbes, Mar 27, 2017.
^ Bobby Ross Jr., Elephant in the pews: Is the GOP the party of Churches of Christ?, The Christian Chronicle, Oklahoma City, OK, Feb. 25, 2016.
^ Christianvoterguide.com
^ A voting guide for Christians
^ Florida Election Central Voter Guides
^ Paul Rosenberg, "'The Long Southern Strategy': How Southern white women drove the GOP to Donald Trump," Salon, July 1, 2019.
^ Feldman, Glenn, ed (2011-10-02). Painting Dixie Red. doi:10.5744/florida/9780813036847.001.0001.
^ African-American voting trends Facts on File.com
^ Hill, Ricky (March 2009). “The Race Problematic, the Narrative of Martin Luther King Jr., and the Election of Barack Obama”. Souls: A Critical Journal of Black Politics, Culture, and Society 11 (1): 133–47.
^ Allen, Mike (2005年7月14日). “RNC Chief to Say It Was 'Wrong' to Exploit Racial Conflict for Votes”. Washington Post. オリジナルの2012年3月31日時点におけるアーカイブ。 2008年8月2日閲覧。
^ Benedetto, Richard (2005年7月14日). “GOP: 'We were wrong' to play racial politics”. USA Today 2012年1月22日閲覧。
^ a b Edge, Thomas (January 2010). “Southern Strategy 2.0: Conservatives, White Voters, and the Election of Barack Obama”. Journal of Black Studies 40 (3): 426–44. doi:10.1177/0021934709352979. JSTOR 40648600.
^ Lassiter, Matthew D. (2006). The Silent Majority: Suburban Politics in the Sunbelt South. Princeton University Press. pp. 5–7. ISBN 978-1-4008-4942-0
^ Frymer, Paul; Skrentny, John David (1998). “Coalition-Building and the Politics of Electoral Capture During the Nixon Administration: African Americans, Labor, Latinos”. Studies in American Political Development 12: 131–61 [132]. doi:10.1017/s0898588x9800131x.
^ Boyd, Tim D. (2009). “The 1966 Election in Georgia and the Ambiguity of the White Backlash”. The Journal of Southern History 75 (2): 305–40. JSTOR 27778938.
^ Lassiter, Matthew; Kruse, Kevin (Aug 2009). “The Bulldozer Revolution: Suburbs and Southern History since World War II”. The Journal of Southern History 75 (3): 691–706. JSTOR 27779033.
^ Alexander, Gerard (March 20, 2004). “The Myth of the Racist Republicans”. The Claremont Review of Books 4 (2) 2015年3月25日閲覧。.
^ Lassiter, Matthew (2007). The Silent Majority: Suburban Politics in the Sunbelt South. Princeton University Press. p. 232. ISBN 978-0-691-13389-8
^ a b Chappell, David (March 2007). “Did Racists Create the Suburban Nation?”. Reviews in American History V 35 (1): 89–97. doi:10.1353/rah.2007.0004. JSTOR 30031671.
^ Matthew D. Lassiter, "Suburban Strategies: The Volatile Center in Postwar American Politics" in Meg Jacobs et al. eds., The Democratic Experiment: New Directions In American Political History (2003): 327–49; quotes on pp. 329–30.
^ Bruce H. Kalk, "Wormley's Hotel Revisited: Richard Nixon's Southern Strategy and the End of the Second Reconstruction", North Carolina Historical Review (1994) 71#1 pp. 85–105 in JSTOR
^ George B. Tindall, "Southern Strategy: A Historical Perspective", North Carolina Historical Review (1971) 48#2 pp. 126–41 in JSTOR
^ Dean J. Kotlowski, "Nixon's southern strategy revisited". Journal of Policy History (1998) 10#2 pp. 207–38.
^ Kotlowski, Dean (2009). Nixon's Civil Rights: Politics Principle, and Policy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-03973-5
^ Aldridge, Daniel (Summer 2002). “Review”. The Georgia Historical Quarterly 86.
^ Valentino NA; Sears DO (2005). “Old Times There Are Not Forgotten: Race and Partisan Realignment in the Contemporary South”. American Journal of Political Science 49 (3): 672–88. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2005.00136.x.
^ Jeremy D. Mayer, "LBJ Fights the White Backlash: The Racial Politics of the 1964 Presidential Campaign, Part 2". Prologue 33#2 (2001) pp. 6–19.
^ Byron E. Shafer and Richard Johnston, The End of Southern Exceptionalism: Class, Race, and Partisan Change in the Postwar South (Harvard University Press, 2006) p. vii
^ Byron E. Shafer and Richard G.C. Johnston. "The transformation of southern politics revisited: The House of Representatives as a window". British Journal of Political Science (2001) 31#4 pp. 601–25. In their 2006 book they write that "economics and social class clearly trumped desegregation and racial identity as engines for partisan change". Shafer and Johnston, The End of Southern Exceptionalism p. vii
^ Gareth Davies, See Government Grow: Education Politics from Johnson to Reagan (2007) p. 140.
^ Gareth Davies, "Richard Nixon and the Desegregation of Southern Schools". Journal of Policy History 19#04 (2007) pp. 367–94.
^ Lawrence J. McAndrews, "The politics of principle: Richard Nixon and school desegregation." Journal of Negro History (1998): 187–200, quoting p. 187. in JSTOR
^ Joan Hoff (1995). Nixon Reconsidered. BasicBooks. p. 79. ISBN 978-0465051052
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